Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene

Youth: Its Education, Regimen,
and Hygiene

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Title: Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene
Author: G. Stanley Hall
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YOUTH
ITS EDUCATION, REGIMEN, AND HYGIENE
BY G. STANLEY HALL, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Clark University
and Professor of Psychology And Pedagogy

PREFACE
I have often been asked to select and epitomize the practical and
especially the pedagogical conclusions of my large volumes on
Adolescence, published in 1904, in such form that they may be
available at a minimum cost to parents, teachers, reading circles,
normal schools, and college classes, by whom even the larger volumes
have been often used. This, with the coöperation of the publishers and
with the valuable aid of Superintendent C.N. Kendall of Indianapolis, I
have tried to do, following in the main the original text, with only such
minor changes and additions as were necessary to bring the topics up to
date, and adding a new chapter on moral and religions education. For
the scientific justification of my educational conclusions I must, of
course, refer to the larger volumes. The last chapter is not in
"Adolescence," but is revised from a paper printed elsewhere. I am
indebted to Dr. Theodore L. Smith of Clark University for verification
of all references, proof-reading, and many minor changes.

G. STANLEY HALL.

CONTENTS
I.--PRE-ADOLESCENCE
Introduction: Characterization of the age from eight to twelve--The era
of recapitulating the stages of primitive human development--Life close
to nature--The age also for drill, habituation, memory work, and
regermination--Adolescence superposed upon this stage of life, but
very distinct from it
II.--THE MUSCLES AND MOTOR POWERS IN GENERAL
Muscles as organs of the will, of character, and even of thought--The
muscular virtues--Fundamental and accessory muscles and
functions--The development of the mind and of the upright
position--Small muscles as organs of thought--School lays too much
stress upon these--Chorea--Vast numbers of automatic movements in
children--Great variety of spontaneous activities--Poise, control, and
spurtiness--Pen and tongue wagging--Sedentary school life vs. free
out-of-door activities--Modern decay of muscles, especially in
girls--Plasticity of motor habits at puberty
III.--INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.
Trade classes and schools, their importance in the international
market--Our dangers and the superiority of German workmen--The
effects of a tariff--Description of schools between the kindergarten and
the industrial school--Equal salaries for teachers in France--Dangers
from machinery--The advantages of life on the old New England
farm--Its resemblance to the education we now give negroes and
Indians--Its advantage for all-sided muscular development
IV.--MANUAL TRAINING AND SLOYD.
History of the movement--Its philosophy--The value of hand training in
the development of the brain and its significance in the making of
man--A grammar of our many industries hard--The best we do can
reach but few--Very great defects in manual training methods which do
not base on science and make nothing salable--The Leipzig
system--Sloyd is hypermethodic--These crude peasant industries can
never satisfy educational needs--The gospel of work; William Morris
and the arts and crafts movement--Its spirit desirable--The magic
effects of a brief period of intense work--The natural development of

the drawing instinct in the child
V.--GYMNASTICS
The story of Jahn and the Turners--The enthusiasm which this
movement generated in Germany--The ideal of bringing out latent
powers--The concept of more perfect voluntary control--Swedish
gymnastics--Doing everything possible for the body as a
machine--Liberal physical culture--Ling's orthogenic scheme of
economic postures and movements and correcting defects--The ideal of
symmetry and prescribing exercises to bring the body to a
standard--Lamentable lack of correlation between these four
systems--Illustrations of the great good that a systematic training can
effect--Athletic records--Greek physical training
VI.--PLAY, SPORTS, AND GAMES
The view of Groos partial, and a better