Wage Earning and Education | Page 2

and normal schools in June, 1915 33
6. Educational equipment of the children who drop out of the public schools each year, as indicated by the grades from which they leave 35
7. Per cent of total male working population engaged in specified occupations, 1900 and 1910 40
8. Distribution of native born men between the ages of 21 and 45 in the principal occupational groups 41
9. Distribution of third and fourth year students in trade courses in the Cleveland technical high schools, first semester, 1915-16 63
10. Distribution by occupations of Cleveland's technical school graduates 64
11. Time allotment in the apprentice course given by the Warner and Swasey Company, Cleveland 70
12. Course and number enrolled in the technical night schools, January, 1915 77
13. Per cent of total population engaged in gainful occupations during three different age periods 84
14. Number employed in the principal wage earning occupations among each 1,000 women from 16 to 21 years of age 85
15. Per cent of women employees over 18 years of age earning $12 a week and over 120
16. Wages for full-time working week, women's clothing, Cleveland, 1915 139
17. Average wages for full-time working week for similar workers, in men's and women's clothing, Cleveland, 1915 139
18. Proportions and estimated numbers employed in machine tool occupations, 1915 161
19. Average, highest, and lowest earnings, in cents per hour, and per cent employed on piece work and day work, 1915 162
20. Estimated time required to learn machine tool work 164
21. Average earnings per hour in pattern making, molding, core making, blacksmithing, and boiler making 166
22. Estimated number of men engaged in building trades, 1915 174
23. Union regulations as to entering age of apprentice 175
24. Union regulations as to length of apprenticeship period 175
25. Union scale of wages in cents per hour, May 1, 1915 177
26. Usual weekly wages of apprentices in three building trades 178
27. Average daily earnings of job and newspaper composing room workers, 1915 199
28. Average daily earnings of pressroom workers, 1915 202
29. Average daily earnings of bindery workers, 1915 203
30. Average daily earnings in photoengraving, stereotyping, electrotyping, and lithographing occupations, 1915 205

LIST OF DIAGRAMS
DIAGRAM PAGE 1. Boys and girls under 18 years of age in office work 103
2. Men and women 18 years of age and over in clerical and administrative work in offices 104
3. Per cent of women earning each class of weekly wages in each of six occupations 119
4. Per cent of salesmen and of men clerical workers in stores, receiving each class of weekly wage 121
5. Per cent of male workers in non-clerical positions in six industries earning $18 per week and over 122
6. Per cent that the average number of women employed during the year is of the highest number employed in each of six industries 123
7. Distribution of 8,337 clothing workers by sex in the principal occupations in the garment industry 134
8. Percentage of women in men's and women's clothing and seven other important women employing industries receiving under $8, $8 to $12, and $12 and over per week 136
9. Percentage of men in men's and women's clothing and seven other manufacturing industries receiving under $18, $18 to $25, and $25 and over per week 138
10. Average number of unemployed among each 100 workers, men's clothing, women's clothing, and fifteen other specified industries 141
11. Percentages of unemployment in each of nine building industries 180
12. Number of men in each 100 in printing and five other industries earning each class of weekly wage 196
13. Number of women in each 100 in printing and six other industries earning each class of weekly wage 198

WAGE EARNING AND EDUCATION
CHAPTER I
THE INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION SURVEY
The education survey of Cleveland was undertaken in April, 1915, at the invitation of the Cleveland Board of Education and the Survey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation, and continued until June, 1916. As a part of the work detailed studies were made of the leading industries of the city for the purpose of determining what measures should be taken by the public school system to prepare young people for wage-earning occupations and to provide supplementary trade instruction for those already in employment. The studies also dealt with all forms of vocational education conducted at that time under public school auspices.
TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS STUDIED
Separate studies were made of the metal industry, building and construction, printing and publishing, railroad and street transportation, clothing manufacture, department store work, and clerical occupations. The wage-earners in these fields of employment constitute nearly 60 per cent of the total number of persons engaged in gainful occupations and include 95 per cent of the skilled workmen in the city. The survey also gave considerable attention to the various types of semi-skilled work found in the principal industries.
Each separate study was assigned to a particular member of the Survey Staff who personally carried on the field investigations and later submitted a report