Types of Naval Officers

Types of Naval Officers

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Title: Types of Naval Officers Drawn from the History of the British
Navy
Author: A. T. Mahan

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Language: English
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TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS
Drawn from the History of the British Navy
With Some Account of the Conditions of Naval Warfare at the
beginning of the Eighteenth Century, and of its subsequent
development during the Sail Period
by
A. T. Mahan, D.C.L., LL.D. Captain, United States Navy
Author of the "Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783," and
"Upon the French Revolution and Empire;" of "The Life of Nelson,"
and a "Life of Farragut"

London Sampson Low, Marston & Company Limited 1902 Copyright,
1893 by Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Copyright, 1901_ by A. T.
Mahan. All rights reserved November, 1901 University Press · John
Wilson and Son · Cambridge, U.S.A.

PREFACE
Although the distinguished seamen, whose lives and professional
characteristics it is the object of this work to present in brief summary,
belonged to a service now foreign to that of the United States, they
have numerous and varied points of contact with America; most of
them very close, and in some instances of marked historical interest.
The older men, indeed, were during much of their careers our fellow
countrymen in the colonial period, and fought, some side by side with

our own people in this new world, others in distant scenes of the
widespread strife that characterized the middle of the eighteenth
century, the beginnings of "world politics;" when, in a quarrel purely
European in its origin, "black men," to use Macaulay's words, "fought
on the coast of Coromandel, and red men scalped each other by the
great lakes of North America." All, without exception, were actors in
the prolonged conflict that began in 1739 concerning the right of the
ships of Great Britain and her colonies to frequent the seas bordering
the American dominions of Spain; a conflict which, by gradual
expansion, drew in the continent of Europe, from Russia to France,
spread thence to the French possessions in India and North America,
involved Spanish Havana in the western hemisphere and Manila in the
eastern, and finally entailed the expulsion of France from our continent.
Thence, by inevitable sequence, issued the independence of the United
States. The contest, thus completed, covered forty-three years.
The four seniors of our series, Hawke, Rodney, Howe, and Jervis,
witnessed the whole of this momentous period, and served
conspicuously, some more, some less, according to their age and rank,
during its various stages. Hawke, indeed, was at the time of the
American Revolution too old to go to sea, but he did not die until
October 16, 1781, three days before the surrender of Cornwallis at
Yorktown, which is commonly accepted as the closing incident of our
struggle for independence. On the other hand, the two younger men,
Saumarez and Pellew, though they had entered the navy before the
American Revolution, saw in it the beginnings of an active service
which lasted to the end of the Napoleonic wars, the most continuous
and gigantic strife of modern times. It was as the enemies of our cause
that they first saw gunpowder burned in anger.
Nor was it only amid the commonplaces of naval warfare that they then
gained their early experiences in America. Pellew in 1776, on Lake
Champlain, bore a brilliant part in one of the most decisive--though
among the least noted--campaigns of the Revolutionary contest; and a
year later, as leader of a small contingent of seamen, he shared the fate
of Burgoyne's army at Saratoga. In 1776 also, Saumarez had his part in
an engagement which ranks among the bloodiest recorded between

ships and forts, being on board the British flag-ship Bristol at the attack
upon Fort Moultrie, the naval analogue of Bunker Hill; for, in the one
of these actions as in the other, the great military lesson was the
resistant power against frontal attack of resolute marksmen, though
untrained to war, when fighting behind entrenchments,--a teaching
renewed at New Orleans, and emphasized in the recent South African
War. The well-earned honors of the comparatively raw colonials
received