The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America 1638-1870 | Page 2

illegally imported Africans be disposed of?_ 99 57. The Second Question: How shall Violations be punished? 104 58. _The Third Question: How shall the Interstate Coastwise Slave-Trade be protected?_ 106 59. Legislative History of the Bill 107 60. Enforcement of the Act 111 61. Evidence of the Continuance of the Trade 112 62. Apathy of the Federal Government 115 63. Typical Cases 120 64. The Supplementary Acts, 1818-1820 121 65. Enforcement of the Supplementary Acts, 1818-1825 126
CHAPTER IX
THE INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF THE SLAVE-TRADE, 1783-1862
66. _The Rise of the Movement against the Slave-Trade, 1788-1807_ 133 67. Concerted Action of the Powers, 1783-1814 134 68. Action of the Powers from 1814 to 1820 136 69. _The Struggle for an International Right of Search, 1820-1840_ 137 70. Negotiations of 1823-1825 140 71. _The Attitude of the United States and the State of the Slave-Trade_ 142 72. The Quintuple Treaty, 1839-1842 145 73. Final Concerted Measures, 1842-1862 148
CHAPTER X
THE RISE OF THE COTTON KINGDOM, 1820-1850
74. The Economic Revolution 152 75. The Attitude of the South 154 76. The Attitude of the North and Congress 156 77. Imperfect Application of the Laws 159 78. Responsibility of the Government 161 79. Activity of the Slave-Trade, 1820-1850 163
CHAPTER XI
THE FINAL CRISIS, 1850-1870
80. The Movement against the Slave-Trade Laws 168 81. Commercial Conventions of 1855-1856 169 82. Commercial Conventions of 1857-1858 170 83. Commercial Convention of 1859 172 84. Public Opinion in the South 173 85. The Question in Congress 174 86. Southern Policy in 1860 176 87. Increase of the Slave-Trade from 1850 to 1860 178 88. Notorious Infractions of the Laws 179 89. Apathy of the Federal Government 182 90. Attitude of the Southern Confederacy 187 91. Attitude of the United States 190
CHAPTER XII
THE ESSENTIALS IN THE STRUGGLE
92. How the Question Arose 193 93. The Moral Movement 194 94. The Political Movement 195 95. The Economic Movement 195 96. The Lesson for Americans 196
APPENDICES
A. _A Chronological Conspectus of Colonial and State Legislation restricting the African Slave-Trade, 1641-1787_ 199
B. _A Chronological Conspectus of State, National, and International Legislation, 1788-1871_ 234
C. _Typical Cases of Vessels engaged in the American Slave-Trade, 1619-1864_ 306
D. Bibliography 316
INDEX 347
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTORY.
1. Plan of the Monograph. 2. The Rise of the English Slave-Trade.
1. Plan of the Monograph. This monograph proposes to set forth the efforts made in the United States of America, from early colonial times until the present, to limit and suppress the trade in slaves between Africa and these shores.
The study begins with the colonial period, setting forth in brief the attitude of England and, more in detail, the attitude of the planting, farming, and trading groups of colonies toward the slave-trade. It deals next with the first concerted effort against the trade and with the further action of the individual States. The important work of the Constitutional Convention follows, together with the history of the trade in that critical period which preceded the Act of 1807. The attempt to suppress the trade from 1807 to 1830 is next recounted. A chapter then deals with the slave-trade as an international problem. Finally the development of the crises up to the Civil War is studied, together with the steps leading to the final suppression; and a concluding chapter seeks to sum up the results of the investigation. Throughout the monograph the institution of slavery and the interstate slave-trade are considered only incidentally.
2. The Rise of the English Slave-Trade. Any attempt to consider the attitude of the English colonies toward the African slave-trade must be prefaced by a word as to the attitude of England herself and the development of the trade in her hands.[1]
Sir John Hawkins's celebrated voyage took place in 1562, but probably not until 1631[2] did a regular chartered company undertake to carry on the trade.[3] This company was unsuccessful,[4] and was eventually succeeded by the "Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa," chartered by Charles II. in 1662, and including the Queen Dowager and the Duke of York.[5] The company contracted to supply the West Indies with three thousand slaves annually; but contraband trade, misconduct, and war so reduced it that in 1672 it surrendered its charter to another company for ￡34,000.[6] This new corporation, chartered by Charles II. as the "Royal African Company," proved more successful than its predecessors, and carried on a growing trade for a quarter of a century.
In 1698 Parliamentary interference with the trade began. By the Statute 9 and 10 William and Mary, chapter 26, private traders, on payment of a duty of 10% on English goods exported to Africa, were allowed to participate in the trade. This was brought about by the clamor of the merchants, especially the "American Merchants," who "in their Petition suggest, that it would be a great Benefit to the Kingdom to secure the Trade by