The Students Elements of Geology | Page 5

and Strike. Structure of
the Jura. Various Forms of Outcrop. Synclinal Strata forming Ridges.
Connection of Fracture and Flexure of Rocks. Inverted Strata. Faults
described. Superficial Signs of the same obliterated by Denudation.
Great Faults the Result of repeated Movements. Arrangement and
Direction of parallel Folds of Strata. Unconformability. Overlapping
Strata.



CHAPTER VI.

DENUDATION.
Denudation defined. Its Amount more than equal to the entire Mass of
Stratified Deposits in the Earth's Crust. Subaerial Denudation. Action
of the Wind. Action of Running Water. Alluvium defined. Different
Ages of Alluvium. Denuding Power of Rivers affected by Rise or Fall
of Land. Littoral Denudation. Inland Sea-Cliffs. Escarpments.
Submarine Denudation. Dogger-bank. Newfoundland Bank. Denuding
Power of the Ocean during Emergence of Land.



CHAPTER VII.
JOINT ACTION OF DENUDATION, UPHEAVAL, AND
SUBSIDENCE IN REMODELLING THE EARTH'S CRUST.
How we obtain an Insight at the Surface, of the Arrangement of Rocks
at great Depths. Why the Height of the successive Strata in a given
Region is so disproportionate to their Thickness. Computation of the
average annual Amount of subaerial Denudation. Antagonism of
Volcanic Force to the Levelling Power of running Water. How far the
Transfer of Sediment from the Land to a neighbouring Sea-bottom may
affect Subterranean Movements. Permanence of Continental and
Oceanic Areas.



CHAPTER VIII.

CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS.
Aqueous, Plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic Rocks considered
chronologically. Terms Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary; Palaeozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cainozoic explained. On the different Ages of the
aqueous Rocks. Three principal Tests of relative Age: Superposition,
Mineral Character, and Fossils. Change of Mineral Character and
Fossils in the same continuous Formation. Proofs that distinct Species
of Animals and Plants have lived at successive Periods. Distinct
Provinces of indigenous Species. Great Extent of single Provinces.
Similar Laws prevailed at successive Geological Periods. Relative
Importance of mineral and palaeontological Characters. Test of Age by
included Fragments. Frequent Absence of Strata of intervening Periods.
Tabular Views of fossiliferous Strata.



CHAPTER IX.
CLASSIFICATION OF TERTIARY FORMATIONS.
Order of Succession of Sedimentary Formations. Frequent
Unconformability of Strata. Imperfection of the Record. Defectiveness
of the Monuments greater in Proportion to their Antiquity. Reasons for
studying the newer Groups first. Nomenclature of Formations.
Detached Tertiary Formations scattered over Europe. Value of the
Shell-bearing Mollusca in Classification. Classification of Tertiary
Strata. Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene Terms explained.

CHAPTER X.
RECENT AND POST-PLIOCENE PERIODS.
Recent and Post-pliocene Periods. Terms defined. Formations of the
Recent Period. Modern littoral Deposits containing Works of Art near
Naples. Danish Peat and Shell-mounds. Swiss Lake-dwellings. Periods
of Stone, Bronze, and Iron. Post-pliocene Formations. Coexistence of
Man with extinct Mammalia. Reindeer Period of South of France.
Alluvial Deposits of Paleolithic Age. Higher and Lower-level
Valley-gravels. Loess or Inundation-mud of the Nile, Rhine, etc. Origin
of Caverns. Remains of Man and extinct Quadrupeds in Cavern
Deposits. Cave of Kirkdale. Australian Cave-breccias. Geographical
Relationship of the Provinces of living Vertebrata and those of extinct
Post-pliocene Species. Extinct struthious Birds of New Zealand.
Climate of the Post-pliocene Period. Comparative Longevity of Species
in the Mammalia and Testacea. Teeth of Recent and Post-pliocene
Mammalia.



CHAPTER XI.
POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD, CONTINUED.-- GLACIAL
CONDITIONS.
Geographical Distribution, Form, and Characters of Glacial Drift.
Fundamental Rocks, polished, grooved, and scratched. Abrading and
striating Action of Glaciers. Moraines, Erratic Blocks, and "Roches
Moutonnees." Alpine Blocks on the Jura. Continental Ice of Greenland.
Ancient Centres of the Dispersion of Erratics. Transportation of Drift
by floating Icebergs. Bed of the Sea furrowed and polished by the
running aground of floating Ice- islands.

CHAPTER XII.
POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD, CONTINUED.-- GLACIAL
CONDITIONS, CONCLUDED.
Glaciation of Scandinavia and Russia. Glaciation of Scotland.
Mammoth in Scotch Till. Marine Shells in Scotch Glacial Drift. Their
Arctic Character. Rarity of Organic Remains in Glacial Deposits.
Contorted Strata in Drift. Glaciation of Wales, England, and Ireland.
Marine Shells of Moel Tryfaen. Erratics near Chichester. Glacial
Formations of North America. Many Species of Testacea and
Quadrupeds survived the Glacial Cold. Connection of the
Predominance of Lakes with Glacial Action. Action of Ice in
preventing the silting up of Lake-basins. Absence of Lakes in the
Caucasus. Equatorial Lakes of Africa.



CHAPTER XIII.
PLIOCENE PERIOD.
Glacial Formations of Pliocene Age. Bridlington Beds. Glacial Drifts
of Ireland. Drift of Norfolk Cliffs. Cromer Forest-bed. Aldeby and
Chillesford Beds. Norwich Crag. Older Pliocene Strata. Red Crag of
Suffolk. Coprolitic Bed of Red Crag. White or Coralline Crag. Relative
Age, Origin, and Climate of the Crag Deposits. Antwerp Crag. Newer
Pliocene Strata of Sicily. Newer Pliocene Strata of the Upper Val

d'Arno. Older Pliocene of Italy. Subapennine Strata. Older Pliocene
Flora of Italy.



CHAPTER XIV.
MIOCENE PERIOD.-- UPPER MIOCENE.
Upper Miocene Strata of France. faluns of Touraine. Tropical Climate
implied by Testacea. Proportion of recent Species of Shells. faluns
more ancient than the Suffolk Crag.