The Power of Movement in Plants | Page 2

- Description of the nyctitropic position and movements of
the cotyledons of various plants-- List of species--Concluding
remarks--Independence of the nyctitropic movements of the leaves and
cotyledons of the same species--Reasons for believing that the
movements have been acquired for a special purpose...280-316
CHAPTER VII.
MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: NYCTITROPIC OR SLEEP
MOVEMENTS OF LEAVES.
Conditions necessary for these movements--List of Genera and
Families, which include sleeping plants--Description of the movements
in the several Genera--Oxalis: leaflets folded at [page viii.]
night--Averrhoa: rapid movements of the leaflets--Porlieria: leaflets
close when plant kept very dry--Tropaeolum: leaves do not sleep unless
well illuminated during day--Lupinus: various modes of
sleeping--Melilotus: singular movements of terminal
leaflet--Trifolium--Desmodium: rudimentary lateral leaflets,
movements of, not developed on young plants, state of their
pulvini--Cassia: complex movements of the leaflets--Bauhinia: leaves
folded at night--Mimosa pudica: compounded movements of leaves,
effect of darkness--Mimosa albida, reduced leaflets of--Schrankia:
downward movement of the pinnae--Marsilea: the only cryptogam
known to sleep--Concluding remarks and summary--Nyctitropism
consists of modified circumnutation, regulated by the alternations of
light and darkness--Shape of first true leaves...Page 317-417
CHAPTER VIII.
MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: MOVEMENTS EXCITED BY
LIGHT.

Distinction between heliotropism and the effects of light on the
periodicity of the movements of leaves--Heliotropic movements of
Beta, Solanum, Zea, and Avena--Heliotropic movements towards an
obscure light in Apios, Brassica, Phalaris, Tropaeolum, and
Cassia--Apheliotropic movements of tendrils of Bignonia--Of
flower-peduncles of Cyclamen--Burying of the pods--Heliotropism and
apheliotropism modified forms of circumnutation-- Steps by which one
movement is converted into the other-- Transversal-heliotropismus or
diaheliotropism influenced by epinasty, the weight of the part and
apogeotropism--Apogeotropism overcome during the middle of the day
by diaheliotropism--Effects of the weight of the blades of
cotyledons--So called diurnal sleep--Chlorophyll injured by intense
light--Movements to avoid intense light...418-448
CHAPTER IX.
SENSITIVENESS OF PLANTS TO LIGHT: ITS TRANSMITTED
EFFECTS.
Uses of heliotropism--Insectivorous and climbing plants not
heliotropic-- Same organ heliotropic at one age and not at
another--Extraordinary sensitiveness of some plants to light--The
effects [page ix.] of light do not correspond with its intensity--Effects
of previous illumination--Time required for the action of
light--After-effects of light--Apogeotropism acts as soon as light
fails--Accuracy with which plants bend to the light--This dependent on
the illumination of one whole side of the part--Localised sensitiveness
to light and its transmitted effects--Cotyledons of Phalaris, manner of
bending--Results of the exclusion of light from their tips--Effects
transmitted beneath the surface of the ground--Lateral illumination of
the tip determines the direction of the curvature of the
base--Cotyledons of Avena, curvature of basal part due to the
illumination of upper part--Similar results with the hypocotyls of
Brassica and Beta--Radicles of Sinapis apheliotropic, due to the
sensitiveness of their tips--Concluding remarks and summary of
chapter-- Means by which circumnutation has been converted into
heliotropism or apheliotropism...Page 449-492

CHAPTER X.
MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: MOVEMENTS EXCITED BY
GRAVITATION.
Means of
observation--Apogeotropism--Cytisus--Verbena--Beta--Gradual
conversion of the movement of circumnutation into apogeotropism in
Rubus, Lilium, Phalaris, Avena, and Brassica--Apogeotropism retarded
by heliotropism--Effected by the aid of joints or pulvini--Movements of
flower-peduncles of Oxalis--General remarks on
apogeotropism--Geotropism-- Movements of radicles--Burying of
seed-capsules--Use of process--Trifolium
subterraneum--Arachis--Amphicarpaea--Diageotropism--Conclusion...4
93-522
CHAPTER XI.
LOCALISED SENSITIVENESS TO GRAVITATION, AND ITS
TRANSMITTED EFFECTS.
General considerations--Vicia faba, effects of amputating the tips of the
radicles--Regeneration of the tips--Effects of a short exposure of the
tips to geotropic action and their subsequent amputation--Effects of
amputating the tips obliquely--Effects of cauterising the tips--Effects of
grease on the tips--Pisum [page x.] sativum, tips of radicles cauterised
transversely, and on their upper and lower sides--Phaseolus,
cauterisation and grease on the tips--Gossypium-- Cucurbita, tips
cauterised transversely, and on their upper and lower sides--Zea, tips
cauterised--Concluding remarks and summary of chapter-- Advantages
of the sensibility to geotropism being localised in the tips of the
radicles...Page 523-545
CHAPTER XII.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Nature of the circumnutating movement--History of a germinating
seed--The radicle first protrudes and circumnutates--Its tip highly
sensitive-- Emergence of the hypocotyl or of the epicotyl from the
ground under the form of an arch--Its circumnutation and that of the
cotyledons--The seedling throws up a leaf-bearing stem--The
circumnutation of all the parts or organs--Modified
circumnutation--Epinasty and hyponasty--Movements of climbing
plants--Nyctitropic movements--Movements excited by light and
gravitation--Localised sensitiveness--Resemblance between the
movements of plants and animals--The tip of the radicle acts like a
brain...546-573
INDEX...574-593
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THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS.

INTRODUCTION.
THE chief object of the present work is to describe and connect
together several large classes of movement, common to almost all
plants. The most widely prevalent movement is essentially of the same
nature as that of the stem of a climbing plant, which bends successively
to all points of the compass, so that the tip revolves. This movement
has been called by Sachs "revolving nutation;" but we have found it
much more convenient to use the terms circumnutation and
circumnutate. As we shall have to say much about this movement, it
will be useful