The Oldest Code of Laws in the World

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The Oldest Code of Laws in the
World

The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Oldest Code of Laws in the World,
by
Hammurabi, King of Babylon, Translated by C. H. W. Johns
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Title: The Oldest Code of Laws in the World The code of laws
promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon B.C. 2285-2242
Author: Hammurabi, King of Babylon

Release Date: November 25, 2005 [eBook #17150]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
OLDEST CODE OF LAWS IN THE WORLD***

Transcribed from the 1903 T. & T. Clark edition by David Price, email
[email protected]

THE OLDEST CODE OF LAWS IN THE WORLD
THE CODE OF LAWS PROMULGATED BY HAMMURABI, KING
OF BABYLON B.C. 2285-2242
TRANSLATED BY
C. H. W. JOHNS, M.A.
LECTURER IN ASSYRIOLOGY, QUEENS' COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE AUTHOR OF "ASSYRIAN DEEDS AND
DOCUMENTS" "AN ASSYRIAN DOOMSDAY BOOK"
EDINBURGH T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET 1903
PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED
FOR
T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH
LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO.
LIMITED NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
FIRST IMPRESSION . . . February 1903.
SECOND IMPRESSION . . . March 1903.
THIRD IMPRESSION . . . May 1903.
FOURTH IMPRESSION . . . June 1903.
"The discovery and decipherment of this Code is the greatest event in

Biblical Archaeology for many a day. A translation of the Code, done
by Mr. Johns of Queens' College, Cambridge, the highest living
authority on this department of study, has just been published by
Messrs. T. & T. Clark in a cheap and attractive booklet. Winckler says
it is the most important Babylonian record which has thus far been
brought to light."--The Expository Times.

INTRODUCTION
The Code of Hammurabi is one of the most important monuments in
the history of the human race. Containing as it does the laws which
were enacted by a king of Babylonia in the third millennium B.C.,
whose rule extended over the whole of Mesopotamia from the mouths
of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates to the Mediterranean coast, we must
regard it with interest. But when we reflect that the ancient Hebrew
tradition ascribed the migration of Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees to
this very period, and clearly means to represent their tribe father as
triumphing over this very same Hammurabi (Amraphel, Gen. xiv. 1),
we can hardly doubt that these very laws were part of that tradition. At
any rate, they must have served to mould and fix the ideas of right
throughout that great empire, and so form the state of society in Canaan
when, five hundred years later, the Hebrews began to dominate that
region.
Such was the effect produced on the minds of succeeding generations
by this superb codification of the judicial decisions of past ages, which
had come to be regarded as 'the right,' that two thousand years and
more later it was made a text-book for study in the schools of
Babylonia, being divided for that purpose into some twelve chapters,
and entitled, after the Semitic custom, Ninu ilu sirum, from its opening
words. In Assyria also, in the seventh century B.C., it was studied in a
different edition, apparently under the name of 'The Judgments of
Righteousness which Hammurabi, the great king, set up.' These facts
point to it as certain to affect Jewish views before and after the Exile, in
a way that we may expect to find as fundamental as the Babylonian
influence in cosmology or religion.

For many years fragments have been known, have been studied, and
from internal evidence ascribed to the period of the first dynasty of
Babylon, even called by the name Code Hammurabi. It is just cause for
pride that Assyriology, so young a science as only this year to have
celebrated the centenary of its birth, is able to emulate astronomy and
predict the discovery of such bright stars as this. But while we certainly
should have directed our telescopes to Babylonia for the rising of this
light from the East, it was really in Elam, at Susa, the old Persepolis,
that the find was made. The Elamites were the great rivals of Babylonia
for centuries, and it seems likely that some Elamite conqueror carried
off the stone from a temple at Sippara, in Babylonia.
However that may be, we owe it to the French Government, who have
been carrying on explorations at Susa for years under the
superintendence of M. J. de Morgan, that