The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species | Page 4

in a state of nature.--Primula elatior shown to be a distinct species.--Hybrids between other heterostyled species of Primula.--Supplementary note on spontaneously produced hybrids in the genus Verbascum.
CHAPTER III.
HETEROSTYLED DIMORPHIC PLANTS--continued.
Linum grandiflorum, long-styled form utterly sterile with own-form pollen.-- Linum perenne, torsion of the pistils in the long-styled form alone.--Homostyled species of Linum.--Pulmonaria officinalis, singular difference in self-fertility between the English and German long-styled plants.--Pulmonaria angustifolia shown to be a distinct species, long-styled form completely self-sterile.-- Polygonum fagopyrum.--Various other heterostyled genera.--Rubiaceae.--Mitchella repens, fertility of the flowers in pairs.--Houstonia.--Faramea, remarkable difference in the pollen-grains of the two forms; torsion of the stamens in the short-styled form alone; development not as yet perfect.--The heterostyled structure in the several Rubiaceous genera not due to descent in common.
CHAPTER IV.
HETEROSTYLED TRIMORPHIC PLANTS.
Lythrum salicaria.--Description of the three forms.--Their power and complex manner of fertilising one another.--Eighteen different unions possible.--Mid- styled form eminently feminine in nature.--Lythrum Graefferi likewise trimorphic.--L. hymifolia dimorphic.--L. hyssopifolia homostyled.--Nesaea verticillata trimorphic.--Lagerstroemia, nature doubtful.--Oxalis, trimorphic species of.--O. Valdiviana.--O. Regnelli, the illegitimate unions quite barren.- -O. speciosa.--O. sensitiva.--Homostyled species of Oxalis.--Pontederia, the one monocotyledonous genus known to include heterostyled species.
CHAPTER V.
ILLEGITIMATE OFFSPRING OF HETEROSTYLED PLANTS.
Illegitimate offspring from all three forms of Lythrum salicaria.--Their dwarfed stature and sterility, some utterly barren, some fertile.--Oxalis, transmission of form to the legitimate and illegitimate seedlings.--Primula Sinensis, illegitimate offspring in some degree dwarfed and infertile.--Equal-styled varieties of P. Sinensis, auricula, farinosa, and elatior.--P. vulgaris, red- flowered variety, illegitimate seedlings sterile.--P. veris, illegitimate plants raised during several successive generations, their dwarfed stature and sterility.--Equal-styled varieties of P. veris.--Transmission of form by Pulmonaria and Polygonum.--Concluding remarks.--Close parallelism between illegitimate fertilisation and hybridism.
CHAPTER VI.
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON HETEROSTYLED PLANTS.
The essential character of heterostyled plants.--Summary of the differences in fertility between legitimately and illegitimately fertilised plants.--Diameter of the pollen-grains, size of anthers and structure of stigma in the different forms.--Affinities of the genera which include heterostyled species.--Nature of the advantages derived from heterostylism.--The means by which plants became heterostyled.--Transmission of form.--Equal-styled varieties of heterostyled plants.--Final remarks.
CHAPTER VII.
POLYGAMOUS, DIOECIOUS, AND GYNO-DIOECIOUS PLANTS.
The conversion in various ways of hermaphrodite into dioecious plants.-- Heterostyled plants rendered dioecious.--Rubiaceae.--Verbenaceae.--Polygamous and sub-dioecious plants.--Euonymus.--Fragaria.--The two sub-forms of both sexes of Rhamnus and Epigaea.--Ilex.--Gyno-dioecious plants.--Thymus, difference in fertility of the hermaphrodite and female individuals.--Satureia.--Manner in which the two forms probably originated.--Scabiosa and other gyno-dioecious plants.--Difference in the size of the corolla in the forms of polygamous, dioecious, and gyno-dioecious plants.
CHAPTER VIII.
CLEISTOGAMIC FLOWERS.
General character of cleistogamic flowers.--List of the genera producing such flowers, and their distribution in the vegetable series.--Viola, description of the cleistogamic flowers in the several species; their fertility compared with that of the perfect flowers.--Oxalis acetosella.--O. sensitiva, three forms of cleistogamic flowers.--Vandellia.--Ononis.--Impatiens.--Drosera.--Miscellaneous observations on various other cleistogamic plants.--Anemophilous species producing cleistogamic flowers.--Leersia, perfect flowers rarely developed.-- Summary and concluding remarks on the origin of cleistogamic flowers.--The chief conclusions which may be drawn from the observations in this volume.
INDEX.
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THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.
INTRODUCTION.
The subject of the present volume, namely the differently formed flowers normally produced by certain kinds of plants, either on the same stock or on distinct stocks, ought to have been treated by a professed botanist, to which distinction I can lay no claim. As far as the sexual relations of flowers are concerned, Linnaeus long ago divided them into hermaphrodite, monoecious, dioecious, and polygamous species. This fundamental distinction, with the aid of several subdivisions in each of the four classes, will serve my purpose; but the classification is artificial, and the groups often pass into one another.
The hermaphrodite class contains two interesting sub-groups, namely, heterostyled and cleistogamic plants; but there are several other less important subdivisions, presently to be given, in which flowers differing in various ways from one another are produced by the same species.
Some plants were described by me several years ago, in a series of papers read before the Linnean Society, the individuals of which exist under two or three forms, differing in the length of their pistils and stamens and in other respects. (Introduction/1. "On the Two Forms or Dimorphic Condition in the Species of Primula, and on their remarkable Sexual Relations" 'Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society' volume 6 1862 page 77. "On the Existence of Two Forms, and on their Reciprocal Sexual Relation, in several Species of the Genus Linum" Ibid volume 7 1863 page 69. "On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria" Ibid volume 8 1864 page 169. "On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants" Ibid volume 10 1868 page 393. "On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. officinalis, Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids