The Armies of Labor | Page 3

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Title: The Armies of Labor, A Chronicle of the Organized
Wage-Earners
Author: Samuel P. Orth
THIS BOOK, VOLUME 40 IN THE CHRONICLES OF AMERICA
SERIES, ALLEN JOHNSON, EDITOR, WAS DONATED TO
PROJECT GUTENBERG BY THE JAMES J. KELLY LIBRARY OF
ST. GREGORY'S UNIVERSITY; THANKS TO ALEV AKMAN.
THE ARMIES OF LABOR, A CHRONICLE OF THE ORGANIZED
WAGE-EARNERS BY SAMUEL P. ORTH
NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS TORONTO:
GLASGOW, BROOK & CO. LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1919
CONTENTS
I. THE BACKGROUND II. FORMATIVE YEARS III. TRANSITION
YEARS IV. AMALGAMATION V. FEDERATION VI. THE TRADE
UNION VII. THE RAILWAY BROTHERHOODS VIII. ISSUES
AND WARFARE IX. THE NEW TERRORISM: THE I.W.W. X.
LABOR AND POLITICS BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

THE ARMIES OF LABOR
CHAPTER I.

THE BACKGROUND
Three momentous things symbolize the era that begins its cycle with
the memorable year of 1776: the Declaration of Independence, the
steam engine, and Adam Smith's book, "The Wealth of Nations." The
Declaration gave birth to a new nation, whose millions of acres of free
land were to shift the economic equilibrium of the world; the engine
multiplied man's productivity a thousandfold and uprooted in a
generation the customs of centuries; the book gave to statesmen a new
view of economic affairs and profoundly influenced the course of
international trade relations.
The American people, as they faced the approaching age with the
experiences of the race behind them, fashioned many of their
institutions and laws on British models. This is true to such an extent
that the subject of this book, the rise of labor in America, cannot be
understood without a preliminary survey of the British industrial
system nor even without some reference to the feudal system, of which
English society for many centuries bore the marks and to which many
relics of tenure and of class and governmental responsibility may be
traced. Feudalism was a society in which the status of an individual
was fixed: he was underman or overman in a rigid social scale
according