History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. Volume II | Page 2

hue now of economic, now of
national and religious, now of bureaucratic oppression. The year 1881
marks the starting-point of this systematic war against the Jews, which
has continued until our own days, and is bound to reach a crisis upon

the termination of the great world struggle.
Concerning the transcription of Slavonic names, the reader is referred
to the explanations given in the preface to the first volume. The
foot-notes added by the translator have been placed in square brackets.
The poetic quotations by the author have been reproduced in English
verse, the translation following both in content and form the original
languages of the quotations as closely as possible. As in the case of the
first volume, a number of editorial changes have become necessary.
The material has been re-arranged and the headings have been supplied
in accordance with the general plan of the work. A number of pages
have been added, dealing with the attitude of the American people and
Government toward the anti-Jewish persecutions in Russia. These
additions will be found on pp. 292-296, pp. 394-396, and pp. 408-410. I
am indebted to Dr. Cyrus Adler for his kindness in reading the proof of
this part of the work.
The dates given in this volume are those of the Russian calendar,
except for the cases in which the facts relate to happenings outside of
Russia.
As in the first volume, the translator has been greatly assisted by the
Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, who has read the proofs with his usual care
and discrimination, and by Professor Alexander Marx, who has offered
a number of valuable suggestions.
I.F.
NEW YORK, February 25, 1918.

CONTENTS



CHAPTER PAGE
XIII. THE MILITARY DESPOTISM OF NICHOLAS I. 1. Military
Service as a Means of De-Judaization 13 2. The Recruiting Ukase of
1827 and Juvenile Conscription 18 3. Military Martyrdom 22 4. The
Policy of Expulsions 30 5. The Codification of Jewish Disabilities 34 6.
The Russian Censorship and Conversionist Endeavors 41

XIV. COMPULSORY ENLIGHTENMENT AND INCREASED
OPPRESSION. 1. Enlightenment as a Means of Assimilation 46 2.
Uvarov and Lilienthal 50 3. The Abolition of Jewish Autonomy and
Renewed Persecutions 59 4. Intercession of Western European Jewry
66 5. The Economic Plight of Russian Jewry and Agricultural
Experiments 69 6. The Ritual Murder Trial of Velizh 72 7. The
Mstislavl Affair 84
XV. THE JEWS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND. 1. Plans of Jewish
Emancipation 88 2. Political Reaction and Literary Anti-Semitism 94 3.
Assimilationist Tendencies Among the Jews of Poland 100 4. The Jews
and the Polish Insurrection of 1831 105
XVI. THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE
PERIOD OF MILITARY DESPOTISM. 1. The Uncompromising
Attitude of Rabbinism 111 2. The Stagnation of Hasidism 116 3. The
Russian Mendelssohn (Isaac Baer Levinsohn) 125 4. The Rise of
Neo-Hebraic Culture 132 5. The Jews and the Russian People 138
XVII. THE LAST YEARS OF NICHOLAS I. 1. The "Assortment" of
the Jews 140 2. Compulsory Assimilation 143 3. New Conscription
Horrors 145 4. The Ritual Murder Trial of Saratov 150
XVIII. THE ERA OF REFORMS UNDER ALEXANDER II. 1. The
Abolition of Juvenile Conscription 154 2. "Homeopathic"
Emancipation and the Policy of "Fusion" 157 3. The Extension of the
Right of Residence 161 4. Further Alleviations and Attempts at
Russification 172 5. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection of 1863 177
XIX. THE REACTION UNDER ALEXANDER II. 1. Change of
Attitude Toward the Jewish Problem 184 2. The Informer Jacob
Brafman 187 3. The Fight Against Jewish "Separatism" 190 4. The
Drift Toward Oppression 198
XX. THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE
REIGN OF ALEXANDER II. 1. The Russification of the Jewish
Intelligenzia 206 2. The Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment 214
3. The Jewish Press 216 4. The Jews and the Revolutionary Movement

221 5. The Neo-Hebraic Renaissance 224 6. The Harbinger of Jewish
Nationalism (Perez Smolenskin) 233 7. Jewish Literature in the
Russian Language 238
XXI. THE ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER III. AND THE
INAUGURATION OF POGROMS. 1. The Triumph of Autocracy 243
2. The Initiation of the Pogrom Policy 247 3. The Pogrom at Kiev 251
4. Further Outbreaks in South Russia 256
XXII. THE ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES OF IGNATYEV. 1. The
Vacillating Attitude of the Authorities 259 2. The Pogrom Panic and
the Beginning of the Exodus 265 3. The Gubernatorial Commissions
269 4. The Spread of Anti-Semitism 276 5. The Pogrom at Warsaw 280
XXIII. NEW MEASURES OF OPPRESSION AND PUBLIC
PROTESTS. 1. The Despair of Russian Jewry 284 2. The Voice of
England and America 287 3. The Problem of Emigration and the
Pogrom at Balta 297 4. The Conference of Jewish Notables at St.
Petersburg 304
XXIV. LEGISLATIVE POGROMS. 1. The "Temporary Rules" of May
3, 1882 309 2. Abandonment of the