Evolution in Modern Thought | Page 9

aided in an important manner by the
inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts; and in an unimportant
manner, that is, in relation to adaptive structures, whether past or
present, by the direct action of external conditions, and by variations
which seem to us in our ignorance to arise spontaneously."
To sum up: the idea of organic evolution, older than Aristotle, slowly
developed from the stage of suggestion to the stage of verification, and
the first convincing verification was Darwin's; from being an a priori
anticipation it has become an interpretation of nature, and Darwin is
still the chief interpreter; from being a modal interpretation it has
advanced to the rank of a causal theory, the most convincing part of
which men will never cease to call Darwinism.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Columbia University Biological Series, Vol. I. New York
and London, 1894. We must acknowledge our great indebtedness to
this fine piece of work.]
[Footnote 2: op. cit. p. 41.]
[Footnote 3: See G. J. Romanes, "Aristotle as a Naturalist,"
Contemporary Review, Vol. lix. p. 275, 1891; G. Pouchet, La Biologie
Aristotélique, Paris, 1885; E. Zeller, A History of Greek Philosophy,
London, 1881, and "Ueber die griechischen Vorgänger Darwin's,"
Abhandl. Berlin Akad. 1878, pp. 111-124.]
[Footnote 4: op. cit. p. 81.]
[Footnote 5: op. cit. p. 87.]
[Footnote 6: See Brock, "Die Stellung Kant's zur Deszendenztheorie,"
Biol. Centralbl. viii. 1889, pp. 641-648. Fritz Schultze, Kant und
Darwin, Jena, 1875.]

[Footnote 7: Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace writes: "We claim for Darwin
that he is the Newton of natural history, and that, just so surely as that
the discovery and demonstration by Newton of the law of gravitation
established order in place of chaos and laid a sure foundation for all
future study of the starry heavens, so surely has Darwin, by his
discovery of the law of natural selection and his demonstration of the
great principle of the preservation of useful variations in the struggle
for life, not only thrown a flood of light on the process of development
of the whole organic world, but also established a firm foundation for
all future study of nature" (Darwinism, London, 1889, p. 9). See also
Prof. Karl Pearson's Grammar of Science (2nd edit.), London, 1900, p.
32. See Osborn, op. cit. p. 100.]
[Footnote 8: Experimental Evolution. London, 1892. Chap. I. p. 14.]
[Footnote 9: See J. Arthur Thomson, The Science of Life. London, 1899,
Chap. XVI. "Evolution of Evolution Theory."]
[Footnote 10: See Carus Sterne (Ernst Krause), Die allgemeine
Weltanschauung in ihrer historischen Entwickelung. Stuttgart, 1889.
Chapter entitled
"Beständigkeit oder Veränderlichkeit der Naturwesen."]
[Footnote 11: Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life, 2 vols. London,
1794; Osborn, op. cit. p. 145.]
[Footnote 12: See Alpheus S. Packard, Lamarck, the Founder of
Evolution, His Life and Work, with Translations of his writings on
Organic Evolution. London, 1901.]
[Footnote 13: See Edward Clodd, Pioneers of Evolution, London, p.
161, 1897.]
[Footnote 14: See Chapter ix. "The Genetic View of Nature" in J. T.
Merz's History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, Vol. 2,
Edinburgh and London, 1903.]

[Footnote 15: See Prof. W. A. Locy's Biology and its Makers. New
York, 1908. Part II. "The Doctrine of Organic Evolution."]
[Footnote 16: Presidential Address to the British Association meeting
at Dublin in 1908.]
[Footnote 17: See in particular Samuel Butler, Evolution Old and New,
London, 1879; J. L. de Lanessan, "Buffon et Darwin," Revue
Scientifique, XLIII. pp. 385-391, 425-432, 1889.]
[Footnote 18: op. cit. p. 136.]
[Footnote 19: See Ernest Krause and Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin,
London, 1879.]
[Footnote 20: Osborn, op. cit. p. 142.]
[Footnote 21: See E. Perrier, La Philosophie Zoologique avant Darwin,
Paris, 1884; A. de Quatrefages, Darwin et ses Précurseurs Français,
Paris, 1870; Packard, op. cit.; also Claus, Lamarck als Begründer der
Descendenzlehre, Wien, 1888; Haeckel, Natural History of Creation,
Eng. transl. London, 1879; Lang, Zur Charakteristik der
Forschungswege von Lamarck und Darwin, Jena, 1889.]
[Footnote 22: See Huxley's article "Evolution in Biology,"
Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th edit.), 1879, pp. 744-751, and Sully's
article, "Evolution in Philosophy," ibid. pp. 751-772.]
[Footnote 23: See Haeckel, Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Goethe
und Lamarck, Jena, 1882.]
[Footnote 24: Origin of Species (6th edit.), p. xvii.]
[Footnote 25: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Vol. 1. p. 83.
London, 1887.]
[Footnote 26: A. R. Wallace, My Life, a Record of Events and Opinions,
London, 1905, Vol. 1, p. 232.]

[Footnote 27: My Life, Vol. 1. p. 361.]
[Footnote 28: P. Geddes. article "Biology." Chambers's
Encyclopaedia.]
[Footnote 29: Origin of Species (6th edit.), p. xv.]
[Footnote 30: Life and Letters, II, p. 301.]
[Footnote 31: Science Progress, New Series, Vol. 1. 1897. "A
Remarkable Anticipation of Modern Views on Evolution." See also
Chap. VI. in Essays on Evolution, Oxford, 1908.]
[Footnote 32: See Prof. Patrick Geddes's article