Disputed Handwriting | Page 4

with Signatures--What a Dash, Blot, or Distortion of a Letter Shows--What a Handwriting Expert Should Confine Himself to--Parts of Writing Which Demand the Closest Attention--American and English Laws on Experts in Handwriting--Examination of Disputed Handwriting
CHAPTER XX
TAMPERED, ERASED AND MANIPULATED PAPER
Sure Rules for the Detection of Forged and Fraudulent Writing of Any Kind--European Professor Gives Rules for Detecting Fraud--How to Tell Alterations Made on Checks, Drafts, and Business Paper--An Infallible System Discovered--Results Always Satisfactory--Can Be Used by Anyone--Vapor of Iodine a Valuable Agent--Paper That Has Been Wet or Moistened--Colors That Tampered Paper Assumes--Tracing Written Characters with Water--Making Writing Legible--How to Tell Paper That Has Been Erased or Rubbed--What a Light Will Disclose--Erasing with Bread Crumbs--Hard to Detect--How to Discover Traces of Manipulation--Erased Surface Made Legible--Treating Partially Erased Paper--Detecting Nature of Substance Used for Erasing--Use of Bread Crumbs Colors Papers--Tracing Writing with a Glass Rod--Tracing Writing Under Paper--Writing With Glass Tubes Instead of Pens--What Physical Examination Reveals--Erasing Substance of Paper--Reproducing Pencil Writing in a Letter Press--Kind of Paper to Use in Making Experiments--Detecting Fraud in Old Papers--The Rubbing and Writing Method
CHAPTER XXI
FORGERY AS A PROFESSION
How Professional Forgers Work--Valuable Points for Bankers and Business Men--Personnel of a Professional Forgery Gang--The Scratcher, Layer-down, Presenter and Middleman--How Banks Are Defrauded by Raised and Forged Paper--Detailed Method of the Work--Dividing the Spoils--Action in Case of Arrest--Employing Attorneys--What "Fall" Money Is--Fixing a Jury--Politicians with a Pull--Protecting Criminals--Full Description of How Checks and Drafts Are Altered--Alterations, Erasures and Chemicals--Raising Any Paper--Alert Cashiers and Tellers--Different Methods of Protection
CHAPTER XXII
A FAMOUS FORGERY
The Morey-Garfield Letter--Attempt to Defeat Mr. Garfield for the Presidency--A Clumsy Forgery--Both Letters Reproduced--Evidences of Forgery Pointed Out--The Work of an Illiterate Man--Crude Imitations Apparent--Undoubtedly the Greatest Forgery of the Age--General Garfield's Quick Disclaimer Kills Effect of the Forgery--The Letters Compared and Evidences of Forgery Made Complete
CHAPTER XXIII
A WARNING TO BANKS AND BUSINESS HOUSES
Information for Those Who Handle Commercial and Legal Documents--Peculiarity of Handwriting--Methods Employed in Forgery--Means Employed for Erasing Writing--Care to Be Used in Writing--Specimens of Originals and Alterations--Means of Discovering and Demonstrating Forgery--Disputed Signatures--Free Hand or Composite Signatures--Important Facts for the Banking and Business Public--How to Use the Microscope and Photography to Detect Forgery--Applying Chemical Tests--How to Handle Documents and Papers to Be Preserved--The Value of Expert Testimony--Using Chemical, Mechanical and Clerical Preventatives
CHAPTER XXIV
HOW FORGERS ALTER BANK NOTES
Bankers Easily Deceived--How Ten One Hundred Dollar Bills Are Made out of Nine--How to Detect Altered Bank Notes--Making a Ten-Dollar Bill out of a Five--A Ten Raised to Fifty--How Two-Dollar Bills are Raised to a Higher Denomination--Bogus Money in Commercial Colleges--Action of the United States Treasury Department--Engraving a Greenback--How They Are Printed--Making a Vignette--Beyond the Reach of Rascals--How Bank Notes Are Printed, Signed and Issued by the Government--Safeguards to Foil Forgers, Counterfeiters and Alterers of Bank Notes--Devices to Raise Genuine Bank Notes--Split Notes--Altering Silver Certificates
APPENDIX
This follows with many pages of Illustrations and Descriptions of Various Kinds of Genuine, Traced, Forged and Simulated Writings and Autograph Signatures of Bankers, Statesmen, Jurists, Authors, Writers and the Leading Public Characters of the World; Individual Autographs of Every President of the United States; Freak Signatures and Curious and Complicated Writing; and Scores of Other Interesting and Instructive Autographs and Writings of Various Kinds That Will Prove of Great Worth and Value

PREFACE
But few writers in the United States have expended their genius in the field of disputed, forged, or fraudulent handwriting. In France and Germany the subject has been more studied, and in both languages several valuable books have appeared, while in this country it is only recently that disputed handwriting has been looked upon as one of the sciences.
Up to the time of the publication of this work nothing has appeared in the United States on the subject of disputed handwriting, short magazine and newspaper articles sufficing.
Interest in disputed handwriting and writing of all kinds is being rapidly developed, and is a study and research with which the banker and business man of the future must and will be perfectly familiar. A place will be made for the science among the permanent, necessary, and most helpful studies of the day.
No effort has been spared by the author of this work to make every feature of handwriting accurate. This work is the result of years of practical study in the field of disputed handwriting, and personal application has demonstrated that the facts and suggestions given will be found absolutely correct. The aim has been to make this the standard work on this subject.
In conclusion, the author wishes to acknowledge a debt to the leading handwriting experts of the United States and Europe for many suggestions that have materially assisted him in the preparation of this work. We trust it will prove a material aid to the bankers, business men and professional men of the United States.
THE AUTHOR.

DISPUTED HANDWRITING
CHAPTER I
HOW TO STUDY FORGED AND DISPUTED SIGNATURES
All