Christianity and Islam in Spain | Page 2

common
cause--Omar--Begins life as a bandit--Captured--Escapes--Heads the
national party--Becomes a Christian--Utterly defeated--Muwallads
desert him--Death of Omar--Stronghold of Bobastro captured--End of
rebellion--Christians under Abdurrahman
III.--Almanzor--Anarchy--End of Khalifate--Knowledge of Christianity
and Mohammedanism slight among those of the opposite
creed--Christian writers on Islam--Eulogius--Mohammed's relation to
Christianity--Alvar--Unfair to Mohammed--His ignorance of the
Koran--Prophecy of Daniel.--Moslem knowledge of
Christianity--Mistaken idea of the Trinity--Ibn Hazm--St James of
Compostella 98-114

CHAPTER IX.
Traces of amalgamation of religions--Instances elsewhere--Essential
differences of Islam and Christianity--Compromise
attempted--Influence of Islam, over Christianity--Innovating spirit in
Spain--Heresy in Septimania--Its possible connection with
Mohammedanism--Migetian heresy as to the Trinity--Its approach to
the Mohammedan doctrine--Other similar heresies--Adoptionism--Our
knowledge of it--Whence derived--Connection with Islam--Its author or
authors--Probably Elipandus--His opponents--His

character--Independence--Jealousy of the Free Church in the
North--Nature of Adoptionism--Not a revival of Nestorianism---Origin
of the name--Arose from inadvertence--Felix--His arguments--Alcuin's
answers--Christ, the Son of God by adoption--Unity of Persons
acknowledged--First mention of theory--Adrian---Extension of
heresy--Its opponents--Felix amenable to Church discipline--Elipandus
under Arab rule--Councils--Of Narbonne--Friuli--Ratisbon--Felix
abjures his heresy--Alcuin--Council of Frankfort--Heresy
anathematized--Councils of Rome and Aix--Felix again
recants--Alcuin's book--Elipandus and Felix die in their
error--Summary of evidence connecting adoptionism with
Mohammedanism--Heresy of Claudius---Iconoclasm Libri
Carolini--Claudius, bishop of Turin--Crusade against
image-worship--His
opponents--Arguments--Independence--Summoned before a
Council--Refuses to attend--Albigensian heresy 114-136

CHAPTER X.
Mutual influences of the two creeds--Socially and intellectually--"No
monks in Islam"--Faquirs--The conventual system adopted by the
Arabs--Arab account of a convent--Moslem nuns--Islam
Christianised---Christian spirit in Mohammedanism--Arab
magnanimity--Moslem miracles---like Christian ones--Enlightened
Moslems--Philosophy--Freethinkers--Theologians--Almanzor--Moslem
sceptics--Averroes--The faquis or theologians--Sect of Malik ibn
Ans--Power of theologians---Decay of Moslem customs--Wine
drunk--Music cultivated--Silk worn--Statues set up--Turning towards
Mecca--Eating of sow's flesh--Enfranchisement of Moslem
women--Love--Distinguished women---Women in mosques--At
tournaments--Arab love-poem--Treatise on love 136-149

CHAPTER XI.

Influence of Mohammedanism--Circumcision of Christians--Even of a
bishop--Customs retained for contrast--Cleanliness rejected as peculiar
to Moslems--Celibacy of clergy--Chivalry--Origin--Derived from
Arabs--Favoured by state of Spain--Spain the cradle of chivalry--Arab
chivalry--Qualifications for a knight--Rules of knighthood--The
Cid--Almanzor--His generosity--Justice--Moslem military orders--Holy
wars--Christianity Mohammedanized--The "Apotheosis of
chivalry"--Chivalry a sort of religion--Social compromise--Culminates
in the Crusades 149-156

APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A.
Jews persecuted by Goths--Help the Saracens--Numbers--Jews in
France--Illtreated--Accusations against--Eleazar, an apostate--Incites
the Spanish Moslems against the Christians--Intellectual development
of Jews in Spain--Come to be disliked by Arabs--Jews and the
Messiah--Judaism deteriorated--Contact with Islam--Civil
position--Jews at Toledo--Christian persecution of
Jews--Massacre--Expulsion--Conversion--The "Mala Sangre"--The
Inquisition 156-161
APPENDIX B.
Spain and the papal power--Early independence--Early importance of
Spanish Church--Arian Spain--Orthodox Spain--Increase of papal
influence--Independent spirit of king and clergy--Quarrel with the
pope--Arab invasion--Papal authority in the North--Crusade
preached--Intervention of the pope--St James' relics--Claudius of
Turin--Rejection of pope's claims--Increase of pope's power in
Spain--Appealed to against Muzarabes--Errors of Migetius--Keeping of
Easter--Eating of pork--Intermarriage with Jews and Moslems--Fasting
on Sundays--Elipandus withstands the papal claims--Upholds
intercourse with Arabs--Rejects papal supremacy--Advance of
Christians in the North--Extension of power of the pope--Gothic liturgy

suspected--Suppressed--Authority of pope over king--Appeals from the
king to the pope--Rupture with the Roman See--Resistance of
sovereign and barons to the pope--Inquisition
established--Victims--Moriscoes persecuted--Reformation stamped
out--Subjection of Spanish Church 161-173
LIST OF AUTHORITIES 175-182

CHAPTER I.
THE GOTHS IN SPAIN.
Just about the time when the Romans withdrew from Britain, leaving so
many of their possessions behind them, the Suevi, Alani, and Vandals,
at the invitation of Gerontius, the Roman governor of Spain, burst into
that province over the unguarded passes of the Pyrenees.[1] Close on
their steps followed the Visigoths; whose king, taking in marriage
Placidia, the sister of Honorius, was acknowledged by the helpless
emperor independent ruler of such parts of Southern Gaul and Spain as
he could conquer and keep for himself. The effeminate and luxurious
provincials offered practically no resistance to the fierce Teutons. No
Arthur arose among them, as among the warlike Britons of our own
island; no Viriathus even, as in the struggle for independence against
the Roman Commonwealth. Mariana, the Spanish historian, asserts that
they preferred the rule of the barbarians. However this may be, the
various tribes that invaded the country found no serious opposition
among the Spaniards: the only fighting was between themselves--for
the spoil. Many years of warfare were necessary to decide this
important question of supremacy. Fortunately for Spain, the Vandals,
who seem to have been the fiercest horde and under the ablest leader,
rapidly forced their way southward, and, passing on to fresh conquests,
crossed the Straits of Gibraltar in 429: not, however, before they had
utterly overthrown their rivals, the Suevi, on the river Baetis, and had
left an abiding record of their brief stay in the name Andalusia.
[1] "Inter barbaros pauperem libertatem quam inter Romanos

tributariam sollicitudinem sustinere."--Mariana, apud Dunham, vol i.
For a time it seemed likely that the Suevi, in spite of their late crushing
defeat, would subject to themselves the whole of Spain, but under
Theodoric II. and Euric, the Visigoths definitely asserted their
superiority. Under the latter king the Gothic domination in Spain may
be said to have begun about ten years before