Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe | Page 3

better than Routiers--Death of
chivalry--Routiers were rarely Englishmen--Had no scruples as to
whom they served--Disregarded treaties--The captains were Gascons or
French --The nobles of the south on the English side--Nests in the
rock-- Depopulation and devastation--Insolence of the
Companies--Bigaroque-- Roc de
Tayac--Corn--Roquefort--Brengues--The Bishop of Cahors dies
there--Château du Diable at Cabrerets--Défilé des Anglais--Peyrousse--
Les Roches du Tailleur--Trosky--The scolding women--The English
not forgotten in Guyenne . . . . . 117-141

CHAPTER VI
CLIFF CASTLES--Continued The difference between feudal castles
and those of the Routiers-- Illustration of the character of the
nobles--Two Counts of Perigord-- The nobles in Auvergne--"Les
grands Jours"--La Roche Saint Christophe-- Surprised and
destroyed--Reoccupied by the Huguenots--Final destruction--La Roche
Gageac--Its history--Jean Tarde--Ravages of the
Huguenots--Gluges--La Roche Lambert--Habichstein--Bürgstein--The
spy-- Kronmetz--Covolo--Puxerloch--The shadowless
man--Nottingham Castle-- Arrest of Mortimer--Outmost castles--La
Grotte de Jioux--Clovis crosses the Vienne--Le Gué du Loir--Antoine

de Bourbon--Calvin at Saint Saturnin--His cave--La Roche
Corail--Cave in which the "Institute of the Christian Religion" was
written--Effects produced by this work --Preparation of men's minds
for reform--Havoc wrought to art by the Calvinists--La Rochebrune--A
cave-colander--Necessity for outlook stations--Frontier fortifications

CHAPTER VII
SUBTERRANEAN CHURCHES
Basilicas and catacumbal churches--Preference of the people for the
latter--The cult of martyrs encouraged this--Crypts--Elevation of
relics--Church of SS. John and Paul on the Coelian Hill--Temples were
originally sepulchres--Basilican churches converted into mausoleums--
Dedications--Altars of wood changed for altars of stone--At first the
bodies of martyrs were not dismembered--But dismemberment was
made necessary by the transformation--The Martyrium of Poitiers--S.
Emilion --Carvings--Crypt--Aubeterre--A Huguenot
stronghold--Orders issued by Jeanne d'Albret--Her extended
powers--The monolithic church--Menaced by
ruin--Rocamadour--Lirac--Mimet--Caudon--Natural caves used as
churches--Gurat--Lanmeur--Story of S. Melor--Dolmen Chapel of the
Seven Sleepers--Another at Cangas-de-Ones--Confolens--Subterranean
churches in Egypt--In Crete--The sacred caves in Palestine--Revival of
cave sanctuaries by the Crusaders--Springs of water in crypts

CHAPTER VIII
ROCK HERMITAGES
Tibetian recluses--Christian hermits in Syria and Egypt--The Essenes
and Therapeutæ--Description by Philo of the latter--Buddhist and
Manichæean influence--Difference in motive--Likeness superficial--
Possible necessity for the adoption of asceticism--Instance of

extravagant asceticism in Syria--Extravagances in Ireland--In England
--Early European solitaries--The Beatus Höhle--Grotto of S. Cybard--
Decadence--Hermits in Languedoc--In Germany--A grocer hermit--
Hermitage at S. Maurice--The Wild Kirchlein--The cave of S. Verena
at Soleure--That of Magdalen at Freiburg--Oberstein--Hermitage at
Brive-- La Sainte Beaume--Sougé--Villiers--Montserrat--Subiaco--La
Vernia-- Warkworth--Knaresborough--Robin Hood's
stable--Roche--Anchor Church-- Royston cave--Its carvings--Kindly
remembrance of the hermit--The hermit a loss

CHAPTER IX
ROCK MONASTERIES
The hermits self-excommunicate--Liability to create a schism--S.
Paul-- S. Mary of Egypt--S. Anthony--Enormous number of solitaries
compels organisation into monasteries--Causes inducing flight to the
desert--S. Athanasius at Trèves--Writes the "Life of S.
Anthony"--Impulse given to flight from the world in the West--S.
Martin--Desires to imitate the Lives of the Fathers of the Desert--At
Poitiers--Founds Ligugé--Rock cells--Later history and ruin--Martin
becomes Bishop of Tours--Founds Marmoutier--History and
ruin--Martin and the masqueraders--Present state--Baptistry--The
Seven Sleepers--Brice elected bishop--Obliged to fly the see--Return
and penance--Cave of S. Leobard--Abbey of Brantôme --Underground
church--Other caves--"Papists' Holes" at Nottingham--Rock monastery
of Meteora--Der el Adra--Inkermann

CHAPTER X
CAVE ORACLES
Polignac--Greek oracles--Charonion--Cave of the
Nymphs--Exhalations-- Delos--Care of Trophonios--Experiences of

Pausanius--Cave at Acharaca --Sibylline oracles--Destruction--Forged
oracles--Oracles among the Jews--Story of Hallbjörn--Sounds issuing
from caves--Echo--Æolian cave of Terni--Purgatory of S. Patrick--The
Knight Owain--Visit by Sir William Lisle--By a monk of
Eymstadt--Prohibited by Alexander VI.-- Prohibition rescinded by Pius
III.--Destroyed in 1622--Revival of pilgrimages--Description by
Gough--Friar Conrad--Lazarus Aigner-- Roderic, King of the
Goths--Sortes Sacræ--Condemned by the Church-- Nevertheless
practised--Instances from Gregory of Tours--Incubation in pagan
shrines--The cave of Cybele--Temples of Isis and Esculapius--
Churches founded by Constantino dedicated to S. Michael--Incubation
practiced in them--Instances--Churches of S. Cosmas and Damian--
Practice at Caerleon--Superstition hard to kill--Grotto of Lourdes

CHAPTER XI
ROBBERS' DENS
Humphrey Kynaston--His adventurous life--Cave at Ness
Cliff--Chinamen-- David at Adullam--Bandit caves in
Palestine--Lombrive--Surtshellir-- Feruiden's cave--Gargas--La
Crouzafce--The haunts of Grettir-- Dunterton--Precautions against
burglary--Story of K. F. Masch--His capture--The
Leichtweishohle--Adersbach retreats--Babinsky--His capture

CHAPTER XII
BOOK SEPULCHRES
Difference between the tombs of the Israelites and those of the
Egyptians--The reason for this--Jewish catacombs at Rome--Christian
catacombs--Puticoli--Numerous catacombs--Those of Syracuse--Those
of Paris--Crypts became vaults for kings and nobles--Desecration--That
of Louis XI.--The instinct of immortality--Cave burials--In the Petit

Morin--Scandinavian burials--Death regarded as suspended animation--
Hervor at the cairn of Angantyr--The cairn-breaking of Gest--The
barrow of Gunnar--Sigrun visits her husband in his cairn--The story of
Asmund and Asvid--The same ideas in Christian times--Mamertinus
and Corcodemus--"De Miraculis Mortuorum"--Ancestor
worship--Persistence of usages derived from a remote
antiquity--Neglect of thought of the dead --Double nature of man--The
spiritual world--A walking postman-- Conclusion
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CLIFF CASTLE, BRENGUES CAVE DWELLERS AT DUCLAIR
SAULIAC (Photo by GIBMA) GRIOTEAUX LA ROCHEBRUNE
SKETCH PLAN OF ROCK STABLE, COMMARQUES PLAN OF
ROCK HOLES IN NOTTINGHAM PARK DRAKELOW
AUBETERRE PLAN OF THE REFUGE OF CHÂTEAU ROBIN THE
CHÂTEAU OF FAYROLLES CLUSEAU DE FAUROUX LA
ROCHE GAGEAC LE PEUCH S. SOUR CAVES OF MESCHERS
CAVE REFUGE AT SOULIER DE CHASTEAU LE DÉFILÉ DES
ANGLAIS, LOT (Photo by BAUDEL, S. CÉRÉ) CHÂTEAU DES
ANGLAIS,