Ancient Art and Ritual

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Ancient Art and Ritual

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Title: Ancient Art and Ritual
Author: Jane Ellen Harrison
Release Date: November 18, 2005 [EBook #17087]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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Ancient Art and Ritual JANE ELLEN HARRISON

Geoffrey Cumberlege OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO

_First published in 1913, and reprinted in 1918 (revised), 1919, 1927, 1935 and 1948_
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

PREFATORY NOTE
It may be well at the outset to say clearly what is the aim of the present volume. The title is Ancient Art and Ritual, but the reader will find in it no general summary or even outline of the facts of either ancient art or ancient ritual. These facts are easily accessible in handbooks. The point of my title and the real gist of my argument lie perhaps in the word "_and_"--that is, in the intimate connection which I have tried to show exists between ritual and art. This connection has, I believe, an important bearing on questions vital to-day, as, for example, the question of the place of art in our modern civilization, its relation to and its difference from religion and morality; in a word, on the whole enquiry as to what the nature of art is and how it can help or hinder spiritual life.
* * * * *
I have taken Greek drama as a typical instance, because in it we have the clear historical case of a great art, which arose out of a very primitive and almost world-wide ritual. The rise of the Indian drama, or the medi?val and from it the modern stage, would have told us the same tale and served the like purpose. But Greece is nearer to us to-day than either India or the Middle Ages.
* * * * *
Greece and the Greek drama remind me that I should like to offer my thanks to Professor Gilbert Murray, for help and criticism which has far outrun the limits of editorial duty.
J.E.H.
_Newnham College, Cambridge, June 1913._
* * * * *
NOTE TO THE FIFTH IMPRESSION
The original text has been reprinted without change except for the correction of misprints. A few additions (enclosed in square brackets) have been made to the Bibliography.
1947

CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I ART AND RITUAL 9
II PRIMITIVE RITUAL: PANTOMIMIC DANCES 29
III PERIODIC CEREMONIES: THE SPRING FESTIVAL 49
IV THE PRIMITIVE SPRING DANCE OR DITHYRAMB, IN GREECE 75
V THE TRANSITION FROM RITUAL TO ART: THE DROMENON AND THE DRAMA 119
VI GREEK SCULPTURE: THE PANATHENAIC FRIEZE AND THE APOLLO BELVEDERE 170
VII RITUAL, ART AND LIFE 204
BIBLIOGRAPHY 253
INDEX 255

ANCIENT ART AND RITUAL
CHAPTER I
ART AND RITUAL
The title of this book may strike the reader as strange and even dissonant. What have art and ritual to do together? The ritualist is, to the modern mind, a man concerned perhaps unduly with fixed forms and ceremonies, with carrying out the rigidly prescribed ordinances of a church or sect. The artist, on the other hand, we think of as free in thought and untrammelled by convention in practice; his tendency is towards licence. Art and ritual, it is quite true, have diverged to-day; but the title of this book is chosen advisedly. Its object is to show that these two divergent developments have a common root, and that neither can be understood without the other. It is at the outset one and the same impulse that sends a man to church and to the theatre.
* * * * *
Such a statement may sound to-day paradoxical, even irreverent. But to the Greek of the sixth, fifth, and even fourth century B.C., it would have been a simple truism. We shall see this best by following an Athenian to his theatre, on the day of the great Spring Festival of Dionysos.
Passing through the entrance-gate to the theatre on the south side of the Acropolis, our Athenian citizen will find himself at once on holy ground. He is within a temenos or precinct, a place "cut off" from the common land and dedicated to a god. He will pass to the left (Fig. 2, p. 144) two temples standing near to each other, one of earlier, the other of later date, for a temple, once built, was so sacred that it would