Gracchi Marius and Sulla | Page 2

Spain--Their nationality--Their plan of operations--Plan of
Marius--Battle of Aquae Sextiae--Battle of Vercellae

CHAPTER VI.
THE ROMAN ARMY.
Second Slave War--Aquillius ends it--Changes in the Roman

army--Uniform equipment of the legionary--Mariani muli--The cohort
the tactical unit--The officers--Numbers of the legion--The pay--The
praetorian cohort--Dislike to service--The army becomes professional

CHAPTER VII.
SATURNINUS AND DRUSUS.
Saturninus takes up the Gracchan policy, in league with Glaucia and
Marius--The Lex Servilia meant to relieve the provincials, conciliate
the equites, and throw open the judicia to all citizens--Agrarian law of
Saturninus--His laws about grain and treason--Murder of Memmius,
Glaucia's rival--Saturninus is attacked and deserted by Marius--The
Lex Licinia Minucia heralds the Social War--Drusus attempts
reform--Obliged to tread in the steps of the Gracchi--His proposals with
regard to the Italians, the coinage, corn, colonies and the
equites--Opposed by Philippus and murdered

CHAPTER VIII.
THE SOCIAL WAR.
Interests of Italian capitalists and small farmers opposed--The Social
War breaks out at Asculum--The insurgents choose Corfinium as their
capital--In the first year they gain everywhere--Then the Lex Julia is
passed and in the second year they lose everywhere--The star of Sulla
rises, that of Marius declines--The Lex Plautia Papiria--First year of the
war--The confederates defeat Perperna, Crassus, Caesar, Lupus, Caepio,
and take town after town--The Umbrians and Etruscans Revolt--Second
year--Pompeius triumphs in the north, Cosconius in the south-east,
Sulla in the south-west--Revolution at Rome--The confederates courted
by both parties--The rebellion smoulders on till finally quenched by
Sulla after the Mithridatic War

CHAPTER IX.
SULPICIUS.
Financial crisis at Rome--Sulpicius Rufus attempts to reform the
government, and complete the enfranchisement of the Italians--His
laws forcibly carried by the aid of Marius--Sulla driven from Rome
flies to the army at Nola, and marches at their head against
Marius--Sulpicius slain--Marius outlawed--Sulla leaves Italy after
reorganizing the Senate and the comitia

CHAPTER X.
MARIUS AND CINNA.
Flight of Marius--His romantic adventures at Circeii, Minturnae,
Carthage--Cinna takes up the Italian cause--Driven from Rome by
Octavius, he flies to the army in Campania and marches on
Rome--Marius lands in Etruria--Octavius summons Pompeius from
Etruria and their armies surround the city--Marius and Cinna enter
Rome--The proscriptions--Seventh consulship and death of
Marius--Cinna supreme

CHAPTER XI.
THE FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR.
Sertorius in Spain--Cyrene bequeathed to Rome--Previous history of
Mithridates--His submission to Aquillius--Aquillius forces on a
war--He is defeated and killed by Mithridates--Massacre of Romans in
Asia--Mithridates repulsed at Rhodes

CHAPTER XII.
SULLA IN GREECE AND ASIA.
Aristion induces Athens to revolt--Sulla lands in Epirus, and besieges
Athens and the Piraeus--His difficulties--He takes Athens and the
Piraeus, and defeats Archelaus at Chaeroneia and Orchomenus--Terms
offered to Mithridates--Tyranny of the latter--Flaccus comes to Asia
and is murdered by Fimbria, who is soon afterwards put to death by
Sulla

CHAPTER XIII.
SULLA IN ITALY.
Sulla lands at Brundisium and is joined by numerous adherents--Battle
of Mount Tifata--Sertorius goes to Spain--Sulla in 83 is master of
Picenum, Apulia, and Campania--Battle of Sacriportus--Sulla
blockades young Marius in Praeneste--Indecisive war in Picenum
between Carbo and Metellus--Repeated attempts to relieve
Praeneste--Carbo flies to Africa--His lieutenants threaten Rome--Sulla
comes to the rescue --Desperate attempt to take the city by
Pontius--Battle of the Colline Gate--Sulla's danger--Death of Carbo, of
Domitius Ahenobarbus--Exploits of Pompeius in Sicily and Africa--His
vanity--Murena provokes the second Mithridatic War--Sertorius in
Spain--His successes and ascendency over the natives

CHAPTER XIV.
PERSONAL RULE AND DEATH OF SULLA.
The Sullan proscriptions--Sulla and Caesar--The Cornelii--Sulla's

horrible character--His death and splendid obsequies

CHAPTER XV.
SULLA'S REACTIONARY MEASURES.
The Leges Corneliae--Sulla remodels the Senate, the quaestorship, the
censorship, the tribunate, the comitia, the consulship, the praetorship,
the augurate and pontificate, the judicia--Minor laws attributed to
him--Effects of his legislation the best justification of the Gracchi
LIST OF PHRASES
INDEX
MAPS.
MARCH OF SULLA AND ARCHELAUS BEFORE CHAERONEIA
BATTLE OF CHAERONEIA

THE
GRACCHI, MARIUS AND SULLA.
* * * * *

CHAPTER I.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE REVOLUTION.
During the last half of the second century before Christ Rome was
undisputed mistress of the civilised world. A brilliant period of foreign
conquest had succeeded the 300 years in which she had overcome her
neighbours and made herself supreme in Italy. In 146 B.C. she had
given the death-blow to her greatest rival, Carthage, and had annexed

Greece. In 140 treachery had rid her of Viriathus, the stubborn guerilla
who defied her generals and defeated her armies in Spain. In 133 the
terrible fate of Numantia, and in 132 the merciless suppression of the
Sicilian slave-revolt, warned all foes of the Republic that the sword,
which the incompetence of many generals had made seem duller than
of old, was still keen to smite; and except where some slave-bands were
in desperate rebellion, and in Pergamus, where a pretender disputed
with Rome the legacy of Attalus, every land along the shores of the
Mediterranean was subject to or at the